Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15
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Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15: A Comprehensive Review of Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that studies the relationship between the brain and the mind, and how they interact to produce cognition, behavior and emotion. Cognitive neuroscience combines methods and theories from psychology, neuroscience, biology, computer science and other disciplines to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying various aspects of mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning, decision making and social cognition .
One of the most comprehensive and updated books on cognitive neuroscience is Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15, written by Diego Redolar Ripoll, a professor of cognitive neuroscience at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya in Spain. This book covers the main topics and concepts of cognitive neuroscience in a clear and accessible way, with numerous examples, illustrations and references. The book is divided into eight sections that address the following themes:
Introduction to cognitive neuroscience: history and principles of cognitive neuroscience, neurons and neural networks, anatomical and functional organization of the human nervous system, methods and techniques for exploring cognitive processes, spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity.
Plasticity and development: cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain plasticity and cognition, cognitive reserve, phylogenetic and ontogenetic evolution of cognitive functions.
Sensation, perception and action control: sensory processing and perception, visual perception, auditory perception, somatosensory perception, olfactory and gustatory perception, motor control and motor cognition.
Attention, learning and memory: attentional processing of sensory information and attentional systems, neurobiology of learning and memory systems, synaptic and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.
Hemispheric specialization and symbolic representation: hemispheric specialization, language, numerical representation.
Motivated and regulatory behaviors: reinforcement systems in the brain, sexual behavior, brain, cognition and affectivity, sleep and arousal.
Emotions, social cognition and executive control: principles of emotion and social cognition, the emotional brain, social cognition, executive control, decision making, reasoning and problem solving.
New perspectives in cognitive neuroscience: consciousness, neurocomputing and modeling of cognitive systems.
In this article, we will review some of the main topics and concepts presented in Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15. We will also discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of reading this book. We hope that this article will help you to understand better what cognitive neuroscience is about and how it can enrich your knowledge and skills.
Neurons and Neural Networks
The basic unit of cognitive neuroscience is the neuron, which is a specialized cell that can transmit and process information using electrical and chemical signals. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Neurons communicate with each other through specialized junctions called synapses, where they release neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The strength and direction of the synaptic transmission depend on various factors, such as the type and amount of neurotransmitters, the number and location of receptors, and the presence of modulators and inhibitors .
Neurons have different shapes and sizes, but they share some common features, such as a cell body (or soma) that contains the nucleus and other organelles, an axon that carries signals away from the cell body, and dendrites that receive signals from other neurons. Some neurons also have specialized structures, such as axon terminals that release neurotransmitters, myelin sheaths that insulate the axon and speed up the signal transmission, and spines that increase the surface area of the dendrites .
Neurons can be classified into different types based on their function, structure or location. For example, sensory neurons convey information from sensory organs to the central nervous system, motor neurons control muscle movements, interneurons connect different neurons within a network, pyramidal neurons have a triangular-shaped cell body and a long apical dendrite, Purkinje cells have a flat-shaped cell body and a highly branched dendritic tree, and granule cells have a small spherical cell body and a short axon .
Neurons form networks or circuits that can perform various computations and functions. A neural network is a collection of neurons that are connected by synapses and have a common input, output or function. Neural networks can be organized into different levels of complexity and hierarchy, such as local circuits that involve a few neurons within a brain region, pathways that connect different brain regions, systems that coordinate multiple pathways for a specific function, and networks of networks that integrate multiple systems for higher cognitive functions .
Neural networks can be studied using different methods and techniques, such as electrophysiology that measures the electrical activity of neurons and synapses, neuroimaging that visualizes the structure and function of neural networks in vivo , computational modeling that simulates and analyzes neural network dynamics and behavior , and neuropsychology that investigates the effects of brain lesions or stimulation on neural network function .
Sensory Processing and Perception
One of the main functions of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how we perceive the world through our senses. Sensory processing and perception involve the detection, transduction, encoding and interpretation of sensory stimuli from the external or internal environment. Sensory stimuli are physical or chemical changes that activate sensory receptors, which are specialized cells or structures that respond to specific types of stimuli .
There are five major types of sensory receptors: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors and nociceptors. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces such as pressure, vibration, stretch and sound. Thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical substances such as molecules, ions and gases. Photoreceptors respond to light. Nociceptors respond to tissue damage or potential damage .
Transduction is the process of converting a sensory stimulus into an electrical signal that can be transmitted by a sensory neuron. This involves the opening or closing of ion channels in the membrane of the sensory receptor, which changes its membrane potential and generates a graded potential called a receptor potential. If the receptor potential reaches a threshold, it triggers an action potential that travels along the axon of the sensory neuron to the central nervous system .
Encoding is the process of representing the characteristics of a sensory stimulus in the pattern of action potentials produced by a sensory neuron or a population of sensory neurons. Different aspects of a stimulus, such as its type, location, intensity and duration, can be encoded by different mechanisms, such as modality specificity, receptive field size and shape, frequency coding, temporal coding and population coding .
Perception is the process of interpreting and making sense of the sensory information received by the brain. Perception involves various cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, learning, expectation and emotion. Perception also involves various levels of analysis, such as feature detection, pattern recognition, object recognition and scene understanding .
Sensory processing and perception are not passive or static processes. They are influenced by various factors, such as context, motivation, mood and prior knowledge. They are also subject to various biases and illusions that can distort or deceive our perception of reality .
Visual Perception
One of the most studied and complex sensory modalities is vision. Visual perception involves the processing and interpretation of visual stimuli from the environment, such as light, color, shape, motion and depth. Visual perception allows us to recognize objects, faces, scenes and actions, as well as to navigate and interact with our surroundings .
Visual perception begins with the transduction of light by the photoreceptors in the retina, which are specialized cells that respond to different wavelengths and intensities of light. There are two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to low levels of light and are responsible for scotopic vision (night vision). Cones are more sensitive to high levels of light and are responsible for photopic vision (daytime vision) and color vision. There are three types of cones: S-cones, M-cones and L-cones, which respond preferentially to short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths of light, respectively .
The signals from the photoreceptors are transmitted by the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells in the retina, which form the optic nerve that carries the visual information to the brain. Along the way, some processing occurs in the retina itself, such as contrast enhancement, edge detection and color opponency. The optic nerve splits at the optic chiasm, where some fibers cross over to the opposite hemisphere and some remain on the same side. The optic tract then projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus, which is a relay station that sends visual information to the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe .
V1 is the first stage of cortical processing of visual information. It contains a topographic map of the visual field, where neighboring regions in space are represented by neighboring neurons in V1. It also contains a retinotopic map, where each point in V1 corresponds to a point in the retina. V1 is organized into columns that respond selectively to different features of visual stimuli, such as orientation, spatial frequency, direction of motion and ocular dominance. V1 also contains blobs that respond selectively to color .
From V1, visual information is further processed by two main pathways: the ventral stream and the dorsal stream. The ventral stream projects from V1 to V2 and then to V4 and the inferior temporal cortex (IT). It is involved in object recognition, face recognition and color perception. It is also known as the "what" pathway because it answers questions about what an object is. The dorsal stream projects from V1 to V2 and then to V5 (also known as MT) and the posterior parietal cortex (PP). It is involved in spatial perception, motion perception and action guidance. It is also known as the "where" or "how" pathway because it answers questions about where an object is or how to interact with it .
Conclusion
In this article, we have reviewed some of the main topics and concepts presented in Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15, a comprehensive and updated book on cognitive neuroscience. We have discussed the history and principles of cognitive neuroscience, the neurons and neural networks that form the basis of brain function and cognition, and the sensory processing and perception that allow us to interact with our environment. We have also learned about the different methods and techniques that are used to study the structure and function of the brain and the mind. We hope that this article has been informative and helpful for you. If you want to learn more about cognitive neuroscience, you can download and read Neurociencia Cognitiva Diego Redolar Ripoll Pdf 15 from the links provided in this article. Thank you for reading and have a great day! 4aad9cdaf3